to include a state produced by narcotics or drugs. 13. Judicial officers. Except as expressly provided by this Code, a judicial officer is not criminally responsible for anything done or omitted to be done by him or her in the exercise of his or her judicial functions, although the act done is in excess of his or her judicial authority or although he or she is bound to do the act omitted to be done. 14. Compulsion. A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if it is committed by two or more offenders and if the act is done or omitted only because during the whole of the time in which it is being done or omitted the person is compelled to do or omit to do the act by threats on the part of the other offender or offenders instantly to kill him or her or do him or her grievous bodily harm if he or she refuses; but threats of future injury do not excuse any offence. 15. Defence of person or property and rash, reckless and negligent acts. Subject to any express provisions in this Code or any other law in force in Uganda, criminal responsibility— (a) for the use of force in the defence of person and property; and (b) in respect of rash, reckless or negligent acts, shall be determined according to the principles of English law. 16. Use of force in effecting arrest. Where any person is charged with a criminal offence arising out of the arrest, or attempted arrest, by him or her of a person who forcibly resists the arrest or attempts to evade being arrested, the court shall, in considering whether the means used were necessary, or the degree of force used was reasonable, for the apprehension of that person, have regard to the gravity of the offence which had been or was being committed by the person and the circumstances in which the offence had been or was being committed by the person.