permits a man who is and whom she knows or has reason to believe to be her son, her grandson, her father or any of her male ascendants or descendants, her brother or the son of her brother or sister of her paternal or maternal uncle, to have sexual intercourse with her, commits an offence and shall on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years and may also be liable to fine. Explanation:- In this section, words expressing relation include relatives of the half blood and relatives whose relation is not traced through a lawful marriage. CHAPTER 26 DEFAMATION Section 431 - “Defamation Defined”: Whoever by words either spoken or reproduced by any mechanical means or intended to be read or by signs or by visible representations makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person, intending to harm or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm the reputation of such person, is said, save as hereinafter excepted, to defame that person. Explanation 1:- It may amount to defamation to impute anything to a deceased person, if the imputation would harm the reputation of that person if living and is intended to be hurtful to the feelings of his family or other near relatives. Explanation 2:- It may amount to defamation to make an imputation concerning a company or any association or collection of persons as such. Explanation 3:- An imputation in the form of an alternative or expressed ironically may amount to defamation. Explanation 4:- No imputation is said to harm a person’s reputation, unless that imputation directly or indirectly in the estimation of others lowers the moral or intellectual character of that person or lowers the character of that person in respect of his calling or lowers the credit of that person or causes it to be believed that the body of that person is in a loathsome state or in a state generally considered as disgraceful. Illustrations:(a) (“A”) says (“Z”) is an honest man; he never stole (“B’s”) watch, intending to cause it to be believed that (“Z”) did steal (“B’s”) watch. This is defamation, unless it falls within one of the exceptions; 116